## creative commons

# Attribution 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation (“Creative Commons”) is not a law firm and does not 
provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public 
licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons 
makes its licenses and related information available on an “as-is” basis. 
Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material 
licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative 
Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the 
fullest extent possible.

### Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions 
that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of 
authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights 
specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for 
informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our 
licenses.

* __Considerations for licensors:__ Our public licenses are intended for use by 
those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise
restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. 
Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license 
they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights 
necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material
as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. 
This includes other CC-licensed material, or material used under an exception or
limitation to copyright. 
[More considerations for licensors](http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees#Considerations_for_licensors).

* __Considerations for the public:__ By using one of our public licenses, a 
licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under 
specified terms and conditions. If the licensor’s permission is not necessary 
for any reason–for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation 
to copyright–then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant 
only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has 
authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for 
other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the 
material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes
be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are 
encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. 
[More considerations for the public](http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees#Considerations_for_licensees).

## Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be 
bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 
International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public 
License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in
consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor
grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from
making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

### Section 1 – Definitions.

a. __Adapted Material__ means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights 
that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the 
Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise 
modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights
held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed
Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is
always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a
moving image.

b. __Adapter's License__ means the license You apply to Your Copyright and 
Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the
terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. __Copyright and Similar Rights__ means copyright and/or similar rights 
closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, 
broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to 
how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License,
the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar 
Rights.

d. __Effective Technological Measures__ means those measures that, in the 
absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling 
obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 
20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. __Exceptions and Limitations__ means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other
exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your 
use of the Licensed Material.

f. __Licensed Material__ means the artistic or literary work, database, or other
material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. __Licensed Rights__ means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and
conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and 
Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the 
Licensor has authority to license.

h. __Licensor__ means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under 
this Public License.

i. __Share__ means to provide material to the public by any means or process 
that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, 
public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication,
or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways
that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time 
individually chosen by them.

j. __Sui Generis Database Rights__ means rights other than copyright resulting 
from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 
1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well 
as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

k. __You__ means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under 
this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

### Section 2 – Scope.

a. ___License grant.___

   1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor 
   hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, 
   non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the 
   Licensed Material to:

       A. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and

       B. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.

   2. __Exceptions and Limitations.__ For the avoidance of doubt, where 
   Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not 
   apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

   3. __Term.__ The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

   4. __Media and formats; technical modifications allowed.__ The Licensor 
   authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats 
   whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications 
   necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right
   or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to
   exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to
   circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public 
   License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) 
   never produces Adapted Material.

   5. __Downstream recipients.__

       A. __Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material.__ Every recipient of 
       the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor 
       to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this 
       Public License.

       B. __No downstream restrictions.__ You may not offer or impose any 
       additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective 
       Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts 
       exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed 
       Material.

   6. __No endorsement.__ Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be 
   construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of 
   the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted 
   official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution 
   as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. ___Other rights.___

   1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this 
   Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality 
   rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees 
   not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent 
   necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

   2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

   3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties 
   from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through
   a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory 
   licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any 
   right to collect such royalties.

### Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following
conditions.

a. ___Attribution.___

   1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

       A. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the 
       Licensed Material:

         i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any 
	 others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner 
	 requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

         ii. a copyright notice;

         iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

         iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

         v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably
	 practicable;

       B. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an 
       indication of any previous modifications; and

       C. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License,
       and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

   2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner
   based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed
   Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by 
   providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required 
   information.

   3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information 
   required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

   4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply
   must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this
   Public License.

### Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your
use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract,
reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the
database;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a 
database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in 
which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is
Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a 
substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace 
Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include 
other Copyright and Similar Rights.

### Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. __Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent 
possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and
makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed 
Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without
limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular 
purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the 
presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where 
disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer 
may not apply to You.__

b. __To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on 
any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for 
any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, 
or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License 
or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the 
possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of 
liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to 
You.__

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall 
be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely 
approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

### Section 6 – Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights 
licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then 
Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 
6(a), it reinstates:

   1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured
   within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

   2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

   For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the 
   Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public 
   License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material
under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material
at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

### Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or 
conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed 
Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and 
conditions of this Public License.

### Section 8 – Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be 
interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the
Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this 
Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed 
unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent 
necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall 
be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the
remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to
comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a 
limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the 
Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or 
authority.

> Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, 
Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it 
publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” Except for 
the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative 
Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons 
policies published at 
[creativecommons.org/policies](http://creativecommons.org/policies), 
Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons”
or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written 
consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized 
modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, 
understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the 
avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.
>
> Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org

